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Vitamin C, Vitamin E, antioxidant polyphenols (e.g. caffeic acid)
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Prevention of oxidation to DNA and lipid oxidation.
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Increased base-line level of DNA strand breaks, chromosome breaks and oxidative DNA lesions and lipid peroxide adducts on DNA.
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Folate and Vitamins B2, B6 and B12
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Maintenance methylation of DNA; synthesis of dTMP from dUMP and efficient recycling of folate.
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Uracil misincorporation in DNA, increased chromosome breaks and DNA hypomethylation.
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Niacin
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Required as substrate for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) which is involved in cleavage and rejoining of DNA and telomere length maintenance.
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Increased level of unrepaired nicks in DNA, increased chromosome breaks and rearrangements, and sensitivity to mutagens.
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Zinc
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Required as a co-factor for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, endonuclease IV, function of p53, Fapy glycosylase and in Zn finger proteins such as PARP.
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Increased DNA oxidation, DNA breaks and elevated chromosome damage rate.
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Iron
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Required as component of ribonucleotide reductase and mitochondrial cytochromes.
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Reduced DNA repair capacity and increased propensity for oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA.
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Magnesium
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Required as co-factor for a variety of DNA polymerases, in nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair and mismatch repair. Essential for microtubule polymerization and chromosome segregation.
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Reduced fidelity of DNA replication. Reduced DNA repair capacity. Chromosome segregation errors.
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Manganese
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Required as a component of mitochondrial Mn superoxide dismutase.
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Increase susceptibility to superoxide damage to mitochondrial DNA and reduced resistance to radiation-induced damage to nuclear DNA.
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Calcium
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Required as cofactor for regulation of the mitotic process and chromosome segregation.
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Mitotic dysfunction and chromosome segregation errors.
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Selenium
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Selenoproteins involved in methionine metabolism and antioxidant metabolism (e.g. selenomethionine, glutathione peroxidase I).
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Increase in DNA strand breaks, DNA oxidation and telomere shortening.
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